ネウマ譜
[[Image:Gregorian_chant.gif|thumb|right|150px|[[グレゴリオ聖歌]]のネウマ譜]] '''ネウマ譜'''(neumatic notation)とは、'''ネウマ'''と呼ばれる記号を用いた[[記譜法]]のことである。[[9世紀|9世紀ごろ]]に現れ、音高を明示しないネウマ、音高ネウマ（ダイアステマ記譜法）といった初期の記譜法が発展し、[[11世紀]]になると譜線ネウマが見られ、4本の譜線が用いられるようになった。このころ、線譜表には、C音とF音が付けられるようになり、それが[[ハ音記号]]と[[ヘ音記号]]となる（[[ト音記号]]もG音の記号である）。ネウマ(neuma, υενμα)とは[[ギリシャ語]]で「合図、身振り」という意味であり、[[合唱]]を指揮する際の手の合図である。 == ネウマによる記譜法 == {{節stub2}} ネウマによる記譜法は、時代、地方によって様々なバリエーションがあるが、ここでは譜線ネウマについて記述する。 === 音部記号 === 譜線ネウマでは4本の譜線が使われ、[[五線譜|近代記譜法]]と同じように線上または線と線の間に音符が書かれる。先頭にはC音（ハ音、ド）またはF音（ヘ音、ファ）の[[音部記号]]が書かれる。これが後にハ音記号、ヘ音記号となる。 {| border=1 |- |[[Image:c_clef_neume.gif]] || C音記号 |- |[[Image:f_clef_neume.gif]] || F音記号 |} === 1音ネウマ === {| border=1 |- |[[Image:punctum1.gif]] || '''Punctum''' ("point") |- |[[Image:virga1.gif]] || '''Virga''' |- |[[Image:repercussive.gif]] || '''repercussive''' neume |} === 2音ネウマ === {| border=1 |- |[[Image:clivis.gif]] || '''Clivis''' || Two notes descending |- |[[Image:podatus.gif]] || '''Podatus''' or '''Pes''' ("foot") || Two notes ascending |} === 3音ネウマ === {| border=1 |- |[[Image:scandicus.gif]] || '''Scandicus''' || Three notes ascending |- |[[Image:climacus.gif]] || '''Climacus''' || Three notes descending |- |[[Image:torculus.gif]] || '''Torculus''' || down-up-down |- |[[Image:porrectus.gif]] || '''Porrectus''' || up-down-up |} === 合成ネウマ === {| border=1 |- | [[Image:pressus.gif]] || '''Praepunctis''' || a note appended to the beginning is ''praepunctis''; this example is a ''podatus pressus'' because it involves a repeated note |- |[[Image: scandicus_subbipunctus.gif]] || '''Subpunctis''' || One or more notes appended at the end of a neume; this example is a ''scandicus subbipunctis'' |} === その他の基本的記号 === {| border=1 |- |[[Image: flat_neume.gif]] || Flat || 五線譜の[[変化記号|フラット]]と同じ意味である。only occurs on B, and is placed before the entire neume, or group of neumes, rather than immediately before the affected note. |- |[[Image: custos.gif]] || '''Custos''' || At the end of a staff, the ''custos'' indicates what the first note of the next staff will be |- |[[Image: punctum_mora.gif]] || '''Mora''' || Like a dot in modern notation, lengthens the preceding note, typically doubling it |} === 解釈記号 === {| border=1 |- |[[Image: vertical_episema.gif]] || Vertical '''episema'''<BR>(vertical stroke) || Seems to indicate a subsidiary accent when there are five or more notes in a neume group |- |[[Image: horizontal_episema.gif]] || Horizontal '''episema'''<BR>(horizontal stroke) || Used over a single note or a group of notes (as shown), essentially ignored in the Solemnes interpretation; other scholars treat it as indicating a lengthening or stress on the note(s). |- |[[Image: liquescent.gif]] || '''Liquescent neume'''<BR>(small note) || Can occur on almost any type of neume; usually associated with certain letter combinations such as double consonants, consonant pairs, or diphthongs in the text |- |[[Image: quilisma.gif]] || '''Quilisma'''<BR>(squiggly note) || Always as part of a multi-note neume, usually a climacus, this sign is a matter of great dispute; the Solemnes interpretation is that the ''preceding'' note is to be lengthened slightly. |} {{music-stub}} {{jawp}} [[Category:中世西洋音楽|ねうまふ]] [[Category:音楽史|ねうまふ]] [[Category:記譜法|ねうまふ]]
